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Muslim empires timeline
634
Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert
637
The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty
638
The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control
642
The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt
644
After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph
656
Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra
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